简答题:根据以下材料，回答46-50题
What is scientific creativity? (46) True scientific creativity is often presumed to be the preserve of independent investigators operating in an environment with none of the practical or political concerns that bother many other workers.In truth, far from being creative, most scientists spend much of their time worrying about funding, sitting in meetings and dealing with administrative bureaucracy.In this age of economic austerity, has the concept of absolute academic autonomy become a luxury that the scientific enterprise can no longer afford ?
But, in many ways, academics do live very sheltered lives by today's standards—how many other careers offer tenure or employment for life？ (47)And, frequently, an individual's insistence on working as free from restrictions as possible can be taken too far, forcing everyone and everything around them to accommodate their needs.This becomes a waste of time and effort—in other words, of money.
Consultant Thomas Marty describes how, in some departments, faculty members insist on each doing their own course planning, choosing times and subjects independently.(48) This forces the administration to revise courses to ensure that the credits assigned to each are consistent, that students have taken the necessary knowledge the professors require, and that everything is presented in the format that the computer system recognizes, so that students can register online.Although this may sound like part of administrators' responsibilities, the job can be so big that one department had to dedicate two full-time staff members to resolving such conflicts.Yet academics often complain about the resources their universities devote to administration.
Scientists may rage against some of the suggestions proposed to improve the efficiency of the research enterprise.Increase the power of institute directors and university presidents so they can make more executive decisions without asking for faculty members' input? Place a "tax" on the use of temporary workers such as graduate students and postdocs, to encourage scientists to hire more permanent staff scientists?
But scientists should think twice about this instinctive, defensive approach.Something that may seem a threat to academic autonomy is often quite the opposite.(49) A standard pattern for course planning that all faculty members must adhere to, for example, with strict deadlines for each phase,could cut the number of course revisions.This would free staff to deal with other administrative issues, letting the scientists who had been shouldering that burden get back to research and teaching.(50) Although giving leaders more power to make executive decisions without consulting faculty members may seem to threaten academic independence, in this instance giving updecision-making powers allows scientists to spend more time doing creative,independent research.
第47题的答案是