简答题:根据以下材料，回答46-50题
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
Before entering on the question of the relation of morality to our exiting social environment, it will be advisable to inquire what we mean by moral progress, and what evidence there is that any such progress has occurred in recent times, or even within the period of well-established history.
(46) By morals we mean right conduct, not only in our immediate social relations, but also in our dealings with our fellow citizens and with the whole human race.It is based upon the possession of clear ideals as to what actions are right and what are wrong and the determination of our conduct by a constant reference to those ideals.
(47) The beliefs was once prevalent, and is still held by many persons, that a knowledge of right and wrong is inherent or instinctive in everyone, and that the immoral person may be justly punished for such wrong doing as he commits.But that this cannot be wholly, if at all,true is shown by the fact that in different societies and at different periods the standard of right and wrong changes considerably.That which at one time and place is held to be right and proper is, at another time or place, considered to be not only wrong, but one of the greatest of crimes.
We are obliged to conclude, therefore, that what is commonly termed morality is not wholly due to any inherent perception of what is right or wrong conduct, but that it is to some extent and often very largely a matter of convention, varying at different times and places in accordance with the degree and kind of social development which has been attained often under different conditions of existence.The actual morality of a community is largely a product of the environment, but it is local and temporary, not permanently affecting the character.
(48) To bring together the evidence in support of this view, to distinguish between what is permanent and inherited and what is superficial and not inherited, and to trace out some of the consequences as regards what we term "morality" is the purpose of the present volume.
Though much of what we term morality has no absolute sanction in human nature, yet it is to some extent, and perhaps very largely, based upon it.(49)It will be well, therefore, to consider briefly the nature and probable origin of what we term "character"—in individuals, in societies, and especially in those more ancient and more fundamental divisions of mankind which we term "races".
Character may be defined as the integration of mental faculties and emotions which constitute personal or national individuality.It is very strongly inherited, yet it is probably subject to more inherent variation than is the form and structure of the body.(50) The combinations of its constituent elements are so numerous as, in common language, to be termed infinite; and this gives to each person a very distinct individuality, as manifested in speech, in emotional expression,and in action.
第46题的答案